Impact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria - 1663 Words

The impact of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Background of the study In the recent past centuries, before the inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheet, cash book, cash flow statement, income and expenditure accounts. The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), on accounting practice in Nigeria has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to†¦show more content†¦Therefore; if accountants adopt the use of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria, then greater speed, accuracy, timeliness and cost will be cut down on their task as a professional. 1.3 Objectives of the study ICT is presume to have affected accounting practice positively in so many ways, research in these area have shown that ICT and its perceived importance due to its usage across several groups of business firms, especially in the field of Auditing. The study is aim at achieving the following objectives: i. To assess the impact of ICT on firms’ financial transaction reporting. ii. To evaluate the challenges associated with information and communication technology in accounting profession today. iii. To assess and explore the impact of ICT usage since it can directly impact audit judgment, effectiveness and efficiency which form the basis for accepting the financial statement as to it true and fairness. 1.4 Research questions Has ICT impacted on accounting practice since its introduction? Are they any challenges faced by accounting practices as a result of the adoption of ICT? Does the use of ICT have a resulting impact on the on the performance of audit exercise? 1.5 Hypotheses The followings null and alternative hypothesis is guide to this work Ho1: ICT have created no significant impact on accounting practice Ho2: There are noShow MoreRelatedAfrican Development And Income Inequalities3098 Words   |  13 Pagespoverty. I will argue that tribalism imbedded in African culture has had a significant role in the lack of economic development and income inequalities. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play a major role in the success of economies. However due to inequalities caused by tribalism, ICTs are not available for many individuals in Africa. This causes further income gap and disparities for the continent as a whole. This report will examine the role that tribalism in Africa and it hasRead MoreThe Importance of Information Communication Technology in Teaching and Learning of Accounting Education2493 Words   |  10 Pagesuse of Information C ommunication and Technology (ICT), w hich is becoming an essential t ool i n t eaching and learning v arious courses which accounting courses are included. V arious r esearches h ave s hown that these tools have a great impact on the t eaching and learning of accounting courses. A s a result of that, this paper a ims to investigate the relevance of ICT in effective teaching and l earning of a ccounting courses, t he concept o f ICT is also ex amine, as well as t he m eaning o fRead MoreThe Effect of Atm on the Operation of Commercial Banks in Nigeria5093 Words   |  21 Pages1 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Banking Operations in Nigeria – An Evaluation of Recent Experiences By Akinlolu Agboola Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria Abstract The study is a comprehensive evaluation of the response of Nigerian banks to the adoption of ICT. Three categories of variables that relate to the adoption and implementation of information technology devices were used for the study. These include the nature and degree of adoption of innovative technologies;Read MoreChallenges in Adoption of Ifrs in Nigeria3452 Words   |  14 PagesCHALLENGES OF ADOPTING INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA Anthony O. Garuba Department of Accounting and Finance, Western Delta University, Oghara, and Pat Donwa Department of Accounting, University of Benin, Benin City E-mail: anthonygaruba@yahoo.com Abstract Nigeria is going to adopt International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) from 1st January 2012. Globalization and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has reduced the world to a global village. This has given riseRead MoreThe Adopting Process of International Financial Reporting Standard (Ifrs) on a Developing Economy5475 Words   |  22 Pagesparticular reference to Nigeria. The paper is based on the data obtained from literature survey and archival sources in the context of the globalization of International Financial Reporting and the adoption of Int ernational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Nigeria has embraced IFRS in order to participate in the benefits it offers, including attracting foreign direct investment, reduction of the cost of doing business, and cross border listing. In implementing IFRS Nigeria will face challenges includingRead MoreThe Role of Ict in Banking Operations13419 Words   |  54 PagesTHE ROLE OF ICT IN BANKING OPERATIONS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Nigerian banking system has undergone remarkable changes over the years, in terms of the number of institutions, ownership structure, as well as depth and breadth of operations. These changes have been influenced largely by challenges posed by deregulation of the financial sector, globalization of operations, technological innovations and adoption of supervisory and prudential requirements that conformRead MoreImpact of Ict on the Performance of Banks. a Case Study of Barclays Bank Ghana17017 Words   |  69 Pagesimpact of ict on the performance of banks. A case study of Barclays Bank Ghana Table of Content Declaration i Abstract II Ackowledgement.............................................................................................................III Dedication.............................................................................................................................IV Table of Content v Preamble 7 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF ICT ON BANKS 12 1.1 ElectronicRead MoreAccounting Is The Language Of Business4305 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction Accounting is the language of business. It is a profession that is being guided by principles, concepts, conventions, laws, etc. All these fundamental building blocks serve as common and general compasses to all practitioners of the profession. In some cases, they are nation-wide tailored, while in other cases, they are universally tailored. Accounting as a living, practical, dynamic and realistic profession covers so many areas of social, economic (business), and governmental activitiesRead MoreFraud as a Negative Catalyst in the Nigerian Banking Industry5170 Words   |  21 Pagesscholarlinkresearch.org Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 2(5):357-363 (ISSN:2141-7024) Fraud as a Negative Catalyst in the Nigerian Banking Industry Akindele R.I Department of Management and accounting Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Fraud in the Nigerian Banking Industry before the recent merger and acquisition and recapitalisation efforts was at alarming rate. It hasRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesTHE JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING ANAN Volume 1, No 1, March 2009 Published by: Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos Postgraduate Professional College and Training Arm of ANAN ...Advancing the Science of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, Training

Gloria Anzaldua And Amy Tan - 1120 Words

Gloria Anzaldua’s article â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† focuses on the discrimination against Latin American individuals, who are residents or citizens, of the United States. Gloria Anzaldua empathizes the bullying in schools and in her daily life. Despite all the bullying and discrimination she had to put up with, Gloria stands up for herself and fights for her culture and origins. She chooses to love herself for who she is, which allowed her to put those ugly comments and actions aside to grow into the person she is today. Amy Tan’s article â€Å"Mother Tongue,† also focuses on the discrimination against her efforts to speak and write English. Amy Tan emphasizes the topics of standardized testing and discrimination within schools that go†¦show more content†¦I would go home and beg my mother to take me out of school, it got to the point where I had nightmares in the middle of the night. Being teased in school is one of the things I have in co mmon with Gloria Anzaldua. In her article, she spoke about being bullied in school by her classmates and teachers. How one of her teachers put her in the corner of the classroom as punishment for speaking Spanish, and others told her to go back to where she came from. Reading about her painful past made me relive mine. Not speaking English fluently, is such a disadvantage. So many people in this country have been denied their dream job because English is their second language. No matter how hard we strive to speak and write the language perfectly, we still are taken as a joke. Amy Tan is one of the individuals that feel the same way. Growing up with a mother who spoke â€Å"broken English,† she observed the way people would treat her because of the way she spoke English. Amy grew up helping her mother communicate with others because she would simply be taken as a joke. I was once taken as a joke as well. I remember wanting to land a big role in one of the musicals at my old s chool. Unfortunately, due to my accent, I was not able to cast anything but a small dancing/singing role. My director then told me, â€Å"In order to land an important role at all, you have to get rid of your accent.† At that moment, it felt like my dreams were crushed. That wasn’t the first or last timeShow MoreRelatedLanguage : The Power Of Language1575 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage just as a tool for communicating with others. For me, behind the general usage of language, it also has a big role in our life because a language has the power to stand and show each person’s identity. Inside the Gloria Anzaldua’s essay â€Å"How To Tame A Wild Tongue† and Amy Tan’s essay â€Å"Mother Tongue† claim that language is an identity. Because they show that language which they commonly use to communicate since the day they were born, showing who are they really are. Language as identity isRead MoreHow Language Is The Defining Aspect Of Person s Culture And Identity1122 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage is the defining aspect of person’s culture and identity. In the essay, â€Å"How to tame a wild tongue† by Gloria Anzaldua and from the â€Å"Mother Tongue† by Amy tan, both reading conveys the impor tance of culture in society and it is possible to suffer If we can’t use it properly, however anzaldua was far more confidence about her language but Amy tan was depressed about her language impacted on her life experiences. At my home I speak Urdu with my family but in school I speak English. This situationRead MoreThe Language Of The English Language1851 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish is not our main and faced many obstacles to learning the language, but it seems that when we learn the language we tend to speak English more than our native tongue. Authors like Gloria Anzaldua and Amy Tan had connected to us the readers in such personal ways where we start to see connections. Gloria Anzaldua explains in her essay â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue†, how her tongue was not free until she was able to switch from Spanish to English whenever she wanted to speak with someone or write inRead MoreThe Value Of Speaking Spanish Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesloosened form of English. It is used every day, becoming a tool for growth and before people know it, it becomes this soul tweaking tool that raises and composes a personality and identity within a culture and family. As esteemed novelist and writer Amy Tan describes in her essay,Mother Tongue, it is â€Å"the language spoken in the family, especially in immigrant families which are more insular, plays a large role in shaping the language of the child† (181). Growing up in an immigrant family or any familyRead MoreMother Tongue By Amy Tan1375 Words   |  6 Pagestrade. And I use them all-all the Englishes I grew up with.† -Amy Tan, Mother Tongue Language is what allows humans to be creative. Creative in the way we express ourselves, creative in the way we put our ideas forward, creative in the way we correspond with each other and in the way we can touch each other’s lives. It is truly a gift that the other species of our world do not possess, at least not to the extent that humans do! Amy Tan is an American writer and her works probe the Chinese-AmericanRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Language and Identity1002 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Composition Language and Identity Who am I? What is it that defines that personality? Anzaldua argues in her essay that the language is what defines one’s identity. Language is indeed an important component of culture, and culture is known to be a crucial definer of identity. People use language to connect to their identities and communicating their realities and values to themselves and to the world around them†¦ In other words, language is important because people use it to expressRead MoreEnglish Is My First Language791 Words   |  4 Pagesthe USA and parents are Spanish speakers most are scared to be judged because of were they come. They don’t want to be rejected or looked down on, just like most of their parents have. For example, author Gloria states, â€Å"Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self† (Anzaldua,N/A). For that reason stated many may become assumed of where they come from because of how other may see them. Moreover, I remembered starting school and all the kids in my class spoke Spanish. I alwaysRead MoreLanguage Is The Method Of Human Communication Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagescommunicating one’s point of view. The author of â€Å"Mother Tongue†, Amy Tan, considers one’s language, and uses her essay to explain how the various languages that she has used with her mother were important and influential in her life. She also explains that even though immigrants whose native languages are not English are unable to speak English fluently to express their thoughts and opinions, their thoughts are not unimportant and incorrect. As Amy Tan claims that language can convey truth and emotions, andRead MoreMy Writing For English 1251161 Words   |  5 PagesI took this revelation, going forth, when generating my second paper; an essay where structure was nonexistent. This second paper allowed me to discuss one stereotype I faced after reading different text, ranging from Claude Steele to Gloria Anzaldua to Amy Tan. In the introduction of this second paper I screamed, â€Å"You’re a TERRORIST!† â€Å"Your religion should be ANNIHILATED!† This caused Professor Ralph to declare, â€Å"Very good. I feel like I m being yelled at as well...great play with the structureRead MoreGrowth And Improvement Of Myself1400 Words   |  6 Pagesme to improve my organization of this step, for example for my essay Language and Discrimination, I used the suggested pre-writing templates discussed in class. For the essay, the class created a Venn Diagram that juxtaposed the authors Gloria Anzaldua and Amy Tan. In addition to the Venn Diagram, there was a helpful worksheet that provided sample questions to answer when comparing and contrasting two pieces of work. As a result of my focus in the brainstorming step, I had a clearly planned essay

The Best Way to Lose Yourself Free Essays

The best way to lose yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others† That is one of the best quotes from Mahatma Ghandi. And that’s what social organizations are aiming for. There is no greater feeling than giving and helping other people in need. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best Way to Lose Yourself or any similar topic only for you Order Now It gives your life much more meaning and purpose for we are not only here in this world only for ourselves but also for others. Throughout the years the social organizations are undeniably increasing in numbers. Of all the myriad list of organizations in this world; the three organizations that our group had chosen are the World Vision organization, Gawad Kalinga Community Development foundation and Jesus is Lord Worldwide Organization. The World Vision Organization one goal focuses on the sponsorship of children, especially the most vulnerable. They also identity places at risk of disaster, prepare resources and staff in high-risk zones, and build capacity and resilience among communities to help them protect themselves before an emergency and rebuild afterwards. Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation focuses on helping the homeless, the vulnerable, and disabled. It is a Philippine poverty alleviation and nation building. Meanwhile, Jesus is Lord Worldwide is a Christian organization which make events and programs for the sole purpose of spreading the word of God and to raise funds for charity. This organizations works with families, communities and supporters to help ensure everybody; enjoy good health, are educated for life and to experience the love of God and their neighbors. Also they support different range of interventions including projects in education, health, nutrition, child protection, and economic development. They also set certain amount of money that can be made available every quickly launch urgent disasters responses. This three organizations have different origins and philosophy but they only have one goal. To help, serve, and support humanity. How to cite The Best Way to Lose Yourself, Papers

Emerging Occupational Health Issues in Healthcare industry

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Occupational Health Issues in Healthcare industry. Answer: Introduction The Australian health care sector has an essential responsibility to play in achieving the goals of the Australia 2020 strategy of contributing to the well-being and overall health of the society and the workforce as a whole as pointed out by Cowman (2016). In the same context, social and healthcare sector is an as well an essential employer who is significantly growing not only in the context of demographic changes and shortages in the emerging labor market demands due to staff shortages. Rohwer and Young (2017) also denotes that even though the increasing population will put a demand on care workers, social and healthcare sector often contribute significantly to the reduction in the number of staff due to emerging healthcare issues affecting the working environments within the industry. This report analyzes and presents an overview of the current healthcare sector emerging occupational issues affecting social and health care professionals. It evaluates in details different literatu re on emerging health issues in different industries with a major focus on the health and social care systems. The report is important as it gives a clear understanding on the how these issues affect their health and safety at work and the influence the issues have the quality of their health care provision services. Review of the relevant literature Many studies have been carried out aimed at getting an overview of the mains health issues and risks affecting the social and healthcare sector. According to Smith and Wei (2010), social and healthcare sector are ranked the fourth highest rate of work-related health concerns in the last one year behind other industries such as the manufacturing and construction industry. The same study denotes that the highest proportions of the occupational health issues were experienced in manufacturing, construction, and whole retail trade that occupied 38%, 13%, and 7% respectively, while social and healthcare sector showed 5%. In his study, Agard (2015) points out that woman within the social and health work sectors are more likely to have accidents more than ones or have suffered from an occupational disease as compared to women working in other industries. The same study also denotes that exposure to chemical and biological risks are the most prevalent in the health industry where nurses and d octors frequently handle infectious materials they use in disinfecting instruments in the working process. The social and healthcare sector is also the fifth after construction, food and accommodation, agriculture, and wholesale and retail industries when it comes to posture-related issues and risks. On the other hand, Dixon et al. (2014) also denote that harassment, violence and other work-related stress are as well recognized as major challenges to health and occupational safety. All of these aspects of psychological issues are of great importance in health and social work as well as public administration and education. The same study asserts that the level of sickness absence due to occupational health risks is highest in the health care sector. Manifestation in the health risks in healthcare The activities undertaken by health care professionals in the associated health care institutions such are nursing homes and hospitals together with the activities undertaken in the patient homes exposes them to occupational health risks and issues (Vanhanen, 2016). Safe Working Australia (2017) points out the health care professionals and related social workers often deal with a wide range of environments and activities posing threats to their health and putting them at the risk of work-related accident as well as occupational diseases. Most of the settings where healthcare workers perform their duties and the tasks multiplicity such a delivery of frontline care for both physical and mental impairment, handling sick patients providing cleaning services such us on wounds presents varieties of health hazards. Healthcare professionals are hence exposed to many different occupational health issues such as concomitant risks. These include psychosocial issues such as shift work and violen ce, ergonomic risks especially when handling patients, physical risks such as ionizing radiation in times of X-rays and cancer treatments. Dixon et al. (2016) also denotes that other health hazards come from biological risks such as infections from communicable diseases and the needle-stick injuries and chemical risks from drugs the professionals use for treatment and disinfectants. In combination to the above health risks and well-known health hazards, Sheoin (2015) denotes there are many new trends and developments that the health and social care workers in Australia are facing resulting into many new challenges and occupational health issues that need to be addressed. These include epidemiological, technological, social, cultural, and demographic trends within the Australian countries that are influencing the existing patterns of healthcare industry. These factors are noted to greatly impact the ultimate well-being, safety, and working conditions of the healthcare professionals (Kazerouni, 2015). They include increase in the shortage of health workers and professionals, emergence of new patterns in healthcare for tackling multiple chronic infections, and imbalance in the working patterns and skill levels. It also leads to the increase in new technological innovations that calls for new skills mix and aging healthcare labor with insufficient new recruits to re place the retirees. Legislative requirements in relation to health risks In the Australian health sector, the Work Health and Safety (WHS) legislation, 2011 and the Safe Work Australia (SWA) authorities in each territory or state help in enforcing the occupation health safety and the WHS regulations and acts as pointed out by Walters et al. (2016). Every industry or organization is hence required to meet every requirement of the WHS set out in the regulation s and acts in every territory or state. The acts give a primary overview of how an organization can make its workplace healthy and safe for the workforce. The acts also give a clear outline of the duties and legal responsibilities for every business owner or employer as pointed out by Begley and Pollard (2016). The regulations uphold the standards that should be met by every industry for every risk and hazard such as machinery, noise, and manual handling among others. They as well set out the relevant licenses that are needed for every activity, records that should be kept and the reports that every o rganization needs to make. The regulators also known as the regulation agencies are responsible for administering safety and health laws such as inspecting workplaces, handling penalties and notices where necessary, providing help and advice, etc. Safe Working Australia (2017) denotes that when courts are making decisions on whether an industry has met the safety and health laws, their decisions will be made in accordance with the approved codes of practice for your territory or state. The approved codes of practice and support advice from the relevant regulators in Australia are outline in accordance with the regions an organization is found (Gundel, 2017). For instance, Australian Capital Territory occupational health issues are founded in the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and the ACT Codes of Practice while the WorkSafe ACT is the regulator (Australian Government, 2017). The Workplace Health and Safety, 2011 involves the mitigation and assessment of the health risks and occupational issues that may direct ly or indirectly impact the welfare, health, and safety of the employees. It hence ensures that every organization is obligated to providing safe working premises, assessing risks and implementing appropriate measures for the premises, ensuring safety in the handling and use of goods and substances, and providing and maintaining safe material and machinery. (Dixon et al. (2014) also recommend providing and facilitating good working environments as well as having workers compensation and insurance for all employees. Standard industry practice to minimization of the health hazards and its effectiveness For every industry, there is a standard practice that needs to be adopted in minimizing any possible health hazards. Therefore, the industries in Australia are expected to adopt the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) to govern their workplace operations. However, Sheoin (2015) denotes that with the ever changing enforcement policies, the administrative and current interpretation on the relevant decisions as per the guidelines of the accepted review commissions. Under the Work Health and Safety guidelines, OSHA is responsible for developing and setting mandatory occupational health and safety requirements applicable to Australian Industries. In the responsibility of minimizing health hazards, various guidelines are adopted according to Sullivan and Green (2016). For instance determining the acceptable extent of employee exposure to health risks and hazards and deciding actions to be taken in controlling the hazards hence protecting the workers and training employees to anticipate, evaluate, or identify and recommend effective control measures for both physical and environmental hazards that can affect their well-being. Developing and issuing standards aimed at protecting workers from hazards related to biological hazards as well as harmful physical and chemical agents (Broom, 2016). And providing technical support and assistance to the regional and national agency offices are vital (Sheoin, 2016). The same study also denotes assessment setting of workplace enforcement procedures and technical interpretations towards the standards and regulations. It is an aspect that helps in the nalysis, identification, and measuring of the industrial workplace hazards that can result in impaired health, sicknesses, or any other significant discomfort in the workplace. Conclusion The social and healthcare sector is an essential employer who is significantly growing not only in the context of the Australian demographic changes and shortages in the emerging labor market demands due to staff shortages. However, social and healthcare sector often contribute significantly to the reduction in the number of staff due to emerging healthcare issues affecting the working environments within the industry. Every organization hence needs to adopt the relevant health and safety guidelines to ensure its employees are protected from possible harms. References Agard, B. (2015). Integration of occupational health and safety in the facility layout planning, part II: design of the kitchen of a hospital.International Journal Of Production Research,53(11), 3228-3242. doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.970711 Australian Government (2017): WHS/OHS acts, regulations and codes of practice, Retrieved from https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/workplace-health-and-safety/whs-oh-and-s-acts-regulations-and-codes-of-practice Begley, A., Pollard, C. M. (2016). Workforce capacity to address obesity: a Western Australian cross-sectional study identifies the gap between health priority and human resources needed.BMC Public Health,16(1), 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3544-5 Broom, D. (2016). Safeguarding Workers: A Study of Health and Safety Representatives in the Queensland Coalmining Industry, 1990-2013.Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations,71(3), 418-441. Cowman, M. C. (2016). The impact of demographic and situational factors on training transfer in a health care setting.Irish Journal Of Management,35(2), 129-142. doi:10.1515/ijm-2016-0009 Dixon, J., Woodman, D., Strazdins, L., Banwell, C., Broom, D., Burgess, J. (2014). Flexible employment, flexible eating and health risks.Critical Public Health,24(4), 461-475. doi:10.1080/09581596.2013.852162 Gundel, H. (2017). Improving Access to Mental Health Care by Delivering Psychotherapeutic Care in the Workplace: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Trial.Plos ONE,12(1), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169559 Kazerouni, A. (2015). A proposed occupational health and safety risk estimation tool for manufacturing systems.International Journal Of Production Research,53(15), 4459-4475. doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.942005 Rohwer, A., Young, T. (2017). Evaluating evidence-based health care teaching and learning in the undergraduate human nutrition; occupational therapy; physiotherapy; and speech, language and hearing therapy programs at a sub-Saharan African academic institution.Plos ONE,12(2), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172199 Safe Working Australia, (2017). Retrieved from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/model-whs-laws/model-cop/pages/model-cop Safety Culture: The Key to Process Safety Management Success. (cover story). (2016).Safety Compliance Letter, (2588), 1-15. Sheoin, T. t. (2015). Controlling Chemical Hazards: Global Governance, National Regulation?.Social Justice,41(1/2), 101-124. Smith, D. R., Wei, N. (2010). Emerging workplace issues for Chinese health care workers in the new millennium: HIV/AIDS.Work,37(3), 297-300. doi:10.3233/WOR-2010-1081 Sullivan, M., Green, D. (2016). Misled about lead: an assessment of online public health education material from Australia's lead mining and smelting towns.Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source,151-12. doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0085-9 Vanhanen, H. (2016). Observed changes in cardiovascular risk factors among high-risk middle-aged men who received lifestyle counselling: a 5-year follow-up.Scandinavian Journal Of Primary Health Care,34(4), 336-342. doi:10.1080/02813432.2016.1248649 Walters, D., Johnstone, R., Quinlan, M., Wadsworth, E. (2016). Safeguarding Workers: A Study of Health and Safety Representatives in the Queensland Coalmining Industry, 1990-2013.Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations,71(3), 418-441.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality free essay sample

Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century. Most societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, but the fact of the matter, it is. The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor and dental forms, college applications and many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a box that identifies them. The question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Racial Inequality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dating back to the 16th century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide. When societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†. This began the racist movement that we still see today. Groups began having different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic group Herrera’s resided. The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the majority of those placed in these camps were killed. However, Hitler did not do this for power or land; he did this to form a perfect land. He wanted everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping over to America, slavery of the African American race and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group was not to exterminate them, but to use them as work. The African Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule for the slaves that was established under Code Noir. Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the history of racism came in the twentieth century. This is due to those of different ethnic backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates shot up and police brutality rose with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å"white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus. It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor. On comedy shows there is often a â€Å"token† character. Typically this character is African American and is made fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is that the jokes made are racist. A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races. The biggest racial inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is their first time and treated fairly. Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about. Despite the jokes and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent. Racial inequality has come a long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of equality in the future. However, societies such as American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. Bibliography Fredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†. (Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul. † Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism†. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011)

Free Essays on Copy DVD

How to convert a DVD to VCD This is one of the best methods to produce excellent quality VideoCD's from DVD's. This guide will help you produce VideoCD's that can be played on PC's, PSX Movie adaptors and all standalone VCD & DVD players that can play home-burned VCD's. Only 4 software titles need to be installed and all are relatively small in size. The best bit of all is that the software is Freeware or Demo ware with results comparable to commercially available software. The final VCD is better quality than most Original VCD's, equal or better than standard VHS and the sound is near CD quality. Although this guide uses CladDVD to rip (remove the DVD copy protection and transfer the movie files to your Hard Drive) the movie off the DVD, other freeware rippers can also be used. These include VobDecGUI and DOD SpeedRipper. The actual encoding to VCD is done by bbMPEG, which is freeware and now bundled with the latest version of the freeware FlaskMPEG. Other commercially available Adobe(r) Premier Plug-in's can also be used and are detailed in the FlaskMPEG Help file. Software you will need: 1. CladDVD 1.64 (It can be found at http://members.netscapeonline.co.uk/claddvd/) 2. FlaskMPEG 0.594 (It can be found at http://go.to/flaskmpeg) 3. TMPGEnc 12a & English patch (It can be found at jamsoft.com/tmpgenc/) 4. Nero 5.x (It can be found at ahead.de) 5. WinOnCD 3.6+ (It can be found on Morpheus) You will also need a Computer with: Windows 95B, 95C, 98, 98SE, ME, NT sp4 or 2000 installed. A Pentium II 300 MMX or equivalent as a minimum. At least 64meg memory An internal DVD Rom player (any speed) Hard drive with at least 4 gb, but prefrably 10 gb FREE space in one partition. WinZip and WinRAR or WinAce (whick will handle all types; zip, rar, ace, cab..etc) to extract the files above. Fully functional demo versions can be downloaded from winzip.com/, rar... Free Essays on Copy DVD Free Essays on Copy DVD How to convert a DVD to VCD This is one of the best methods to produce excellent quality VideoCD's from DVD's. This guide will help you produce VideoCD's that can be played on PC's, PSX Movie adaptors and all standalone VCD & DVD players that can play home-burned VCD's. Only 4 software titles need to be installed and all are relatively small in size. The best bit of all is that the software is Freeware or Demo ware with results comparable to commercially available software. The final VCD is better quality than most Original VCD's, equal or better than standard VHS and the sound is near CD quality. Although this guide uses CladDVD to rip (remove the DVD copy protection and transfer the movie files to your Hard Drive) the movie off the DVD, other freeware rippers can also be used. These include VobDecGUI and DOD SpeedRipper. The actual encoding to VCD is done by bbMPEG, which is freeware and now bundled with the latest version of the freeware FlaskMPEG. Other commercially available Adobe(r) Premier Plug-in's can also be used and are detailed in the FlaskMPEG Help file. Software you will need: 1. CladDVD 1.64 (It can be found at http://members.netscapeonline.co.uk/claddvd/) 2. FlaskMPEG 0.594 (It can be found at http://go.to/flaskmpeg) 3. TMPGEnc 12a & English patch (It can be found at jamsoft.com/tmpgenc/) 4. Nero 5.x (It can be found at ahead.de) 5. WinOnCD 3.6+ (It can be found on Morpheus) You will also need a Computer with: Windows 95B, 95C, 98, 98SE, ME, NT sp4 or 2000 installed. A Pentium II 300 MMX or equivalent as a minimum. At least 64meg memory An internal DVD Rom player (any speed) Hard drive with at least 4 gb, but prefrably 10 gb FREE space in one partition. WinZip and WinRAR or WinAce (whick will handle all types; zip, rar, ace, cab..etc) to extract the files above. Fully functional demo versions can be downloaded from winzip.com/, rar...

20th century poetry Essay Example for Free

20th century poetry Essay ? We have been giving to 20th century poems to examine. They are â€Å"Evans† by R. S Thomas and â€Å"Death in Leamington† by Sir John Betjeman. Both poems are about death, but in two very different situations. I will examine the poem Evans first of all. Evans was written by a man called R. S Thomas. He lived from 1913-2000. he was born in Cardiff. He became a clergyman and taught himself welsh so he could work with the people in the hills, because not many of them spoke English at this time. Evans is a 20th Century poem. The poem begins as if the writer is talking to somebody else. It looks like the other person has asked him something like, â€Å"Do you remember a man Evans? † and the writer replies, â€Å"yes, many a time. † The first verse of the poem describes Evans’ house. It talks about the â€Å"bare† stairs and the â€Å"gaunt† kitchen. We can depict from the first verse that Evans was a poor man, his house is not at all well furbished, and he doesn’t have much to his name. Everything that Evans owns has a dull, dreary adjective attached to it, like stark farm and black kettle. His kitchen must be filthy because crickets can be heard. The last line of this verse tells us that he lives on a lone farm upon a hill. From this verse we have found out that this man is poor, lonely and doesn’t really care much about what his house looks like. The 2nd verse tells us that something appals the speaker. He says that it isn’t the darkness around him, which seems to fill his mouth and that it isn’t the tree that the rain drips off. I think the tree is symbolism, because the speaker says, â€Å"of rain like blood form that one tree, weather tortured. † I think he is really describing Evans appearance. The speaker says that it’s the veins of Evans. He sees darkness in them, and that it is â€Å"silting† them. Silt is the thick sandy substance at the bottom of rivers. I think it means that the darkness is trapped in Evans’ veins and that it is slowly killing him. The writer says, â€Å"I left stranded upon the vast and lonely shore of his bleak bed. † The writer believes that he has failed is his job, which is to comfort the sick if they are going to die. The writer feels that he is inadequate and that he hasn’t done what he wanted to. Again we see another dreary adjective attached to one of Evans possessions, his bleak bed. The word lonely is used again here. The writer wants to get the point across that Evans has no one, no family or friends to comfort him, that is why the writer feels so bad that he cant do this for him. This poem is about the bad way to die, all on your own and no one to comfort you. The next poem, Death in Leamington, is about the other way to pass on. Death in Leamington was written by Sir John Betjeman. Poets of his day liked to write poems making fun of the middle class people. The first verse tells us that someone has died, and that it is a woman. It has happened in the late evening. She has died in her bedroom. The room has a plate glass window, which means this place wherever she was staying must has been pretty well off. The second verse gives us a little more insight to the woman. She owned a crochet, which means she must have been quite old. It lay beside her bed, which means she can’t have been too old because she was still able to walk. Again the writer tells us that she is dead. 20th century poetry. (2017, Oct 29).

Error Simulation Enviroment For The Dicode Pulse Position Modulation Essay

Error Simulation Enviroment For The Dicode Pulse Position Modulation - Essay Example The number of erasure error symbols that is erased is within the capacity of the decoder in his recovery of the original data. In this test design, the number of erasure error symbols must be less or equal to 8 symbols per codeword. Figures (7.2) & (7.3) show the system input/output signals. Figure (7.2) shows the performance of the system when the number of erasure symbols equals 8 per codeword, while the figure (7.3) displays the system signals when the number of erasure symbols equals 5. In these figures, the fail output signal is logic 0. This means that the system has successfully decoded the original codeword. We can add or delete erasures by updating lines 294 and 295 inside the code. The number of erasure error symbols that is erased is greater than the capacity of the decoder to recover the original data. In this test design, the number of erasure symbols is greater than 8 symbols per codeword. Figure (7.4) shows the system input/output signals when the number of erasure sym bols equals 9 per codeword. In this figure, the fail output signal is logic 1, which means that the system has failed to decode the original codeword. We can add or delete erasures by updating lines 294 and 295. A VHDL test bench program Appendix ( ) has been built to provide an environment where errors can be injected into the system. According to equation (6.7), the designed system has the ability to correct up to 4 erasure errors only. Above this number, the system will fail to decode the original message.

Reading assignemn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading assignemn - Essay Example Mahmud thus is against America’s pretence of being secular and impartial toward religion but it’s in fact so much involved in religious and politics already. Mahmud regards America’s involvement in religious politics, its support of Israel and for â€Å"enemies of Islam† such as Egypt, is not the result of Christianity. Rather it was due to America’s ideology of secularism which Mahmud regards as hostility toward religion, especially Islam. Religion is deeply involved and in fact it is firmly entrenched in this whole issue. 2. Rantisi claims that Hamas is in a state of war simply because of Israel’s stance toward Palestine-especially toward Hamas concept of an Islamic Palestine. Thus Israel wants to destroy Islamic nationalism. Rantisi explains that the bombings are a moral lesson and the actions of self-martyrs are understandable and simply responses to the oppression brought about by the Israelis. Unlike other movements, Hamas was purely founded on religious principles. Muslims can legitimately use violence while responding to attacks and other forms of violence from the Israeli side, acts that frequently affect innocent civilians. In this sense they are defensive since they are victims in this struggle and not the cause of it. 3. Some of the modern Islamic justifications for the use of violence claim that in case of aggression, or usurping of a Muslim land, they must call for hitting the attacker and the aggressor to end the aggression. Killing of an enemy of Islam is also justified. Use of force is also consistent with Islamic principles and Khomeini of Iran claims that he knows of no command more binding to the Muslim than the command to sacrifice life and property to defend and bolster Islam. There are some Islamic tenets that condone struggle and the use of force. There are therefore some Muslim principles that justify killing as in the defense of

Evaluation of the commercialization Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of the commercialization Essay This paper discusses and evaluates both the negative and positive aspects and raised controversial issues regarding Bt-Corn, a transgenic maize developed through genetic engineering and biotechnology methods, and will finally conclude that the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds for the past 14 years have been both economically advantageous and beneficial for the environment. The purpose of this paper is to further educate and inform the general audience regarding issues relating with genetically modified organisms and will try to disprove negative speculation and ambiguity with statistical data and experimental evidence. Introduction Recent development and advances in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering has enabled scientists today to improve crop varieties through alteration of their most fundamental building blocks, their DNA. These alterations of the genetic material allow scientists and researchers to develop ‘new species’ and breeds of organisms which posses certain altered favored traits, which would not otherwise naturally exist in the organism. (Peairs, 2007) However, there is much ambiguity and controversies surrounding the whole field of genetic engineering of organisms and their commercialization. Bt-corn, a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material has been altered to include the ability to produce a certain toxin that has specific insecticidal property against pests, has been commercialized now for several years in the US and also in several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Honduras, South Africa and the Philippines. (Wu, 2006) The prefix ‘Bt’ from Bt-Corn originates from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a species of soil bacterium that produces the insecticidal crystal protein or delta endotoxins, toxins that kill crop pests. Genetic engineering has allowed scientists to take the single gene that controls the production of the delta endotoxins from Bt, create a modified version of it and synthesize it with the DNA of selected corn species using recombinant DNA technology. This new set of ‘genetic code’ allows the plant to produce the delta endotoxins by itself; hence it is able to repel crop pests by itself. This newly acquired attribute is like a miracle for farmers, not just corn farmers since the insecticidal attribute of ‘Bt’ has also been implemented in several other crops such as Bt-potatoes and Bt-sweet corn. However, there have been several issues raised against the commercialization of Bt-corn in recent years due to investigations, which reveals how Bt-corn pollen proves to be lethal to other species of organisms that are not considered as pests. (Peairs, 2007) This paper will discuss, evaluate and finally demonstrate how the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds is overall both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment through the following points: * Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn * Mode of action of Bt toxins Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn * FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms * Controversies and issues raised * Evaluation Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn As previously stated above, Bt-Corn is a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material have been altered and combined with the insecticidal crystal protein-producing trait of the common naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Shigetane Ishiwata, a Japanese biologist, was the first to discover Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 1901. However, it was not until Ernst Berliner rediscovered it in 1911 in Thuringia, Germany, that the bacterium was named Bacillus thuringiensis. In 1938 a French company started commercially producing the combination of the bacterium and its toxin crystals as a pesticide, calling it Sporeine, and in the 1950’s American organic farmers started using Bt on their crops as a way to control pest. (Aroian) As research methods improved (1960’s) and new Bt species were found producing thousands of other specific toxic proteins, more and more farmers started to use Bt. However, it was not until advancements in genetics and genetic engineering in the 1990’s that researchers were able to detect and isolate the specific genes that trigger production of the toxins and transfer it into certain species of crops, such as Bt-Corn. The first Bt crop that was registered with the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), which allowed for its commercialization, is the Bt-Corn. (Aroian) In 2004, Bt-Corn comprises more than ? of the total acres of cornfields in the United States itself. Wu, 2006) According to Clive James, the chair of the ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), today (2002) the total Bt-Corn fields in the world approximates to 25 million acres. (James, 2002) Mode of actions of Bt toxins Bacillus thuringiensis produces certain proteins, categorized as crystal proteins, which are very specific, well known for its ability to target and inhibit specific metabolic processes of certain speci es of organisms, mainly insects. Investigations have revealed that most of these insecticidal crystal proteins, when activated (when they come into contact with their specific host), attaches itself to the epithelium cells of the gut of the insects and causes the generation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores in the membranes of the epithelium cells, outermost cells that line the surfaces of structures, such as the gut, of organisms, disrupts the osmotic balance of the cells, causing them to swell and lyse. (Hofte, 1989) In simpler terms, basically these proteins (toxins) cause imbalance of water absorption (osmotic imbalance) in the cells of the ‘organs’ of specific insects, which causes these cells to swell and break (lyse). They are also very specific and selective on the species of insects they are able to affect, making Bt toxins potent in eradicating pests while being relatively harmless towards other organisms. There is substantial evidence that the toxins (insecticidal crystal proteins) are not harmful to human health nor are they detrimental for the health of vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, bony fish and sharks). According to Peairs, these toxins are considered to be very selective and very safe for humans and non-targeted organisms when compared to the most conventional and common pesticides used nowadays since they only attack certain groups of insects. (Peairs, 2007) Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn It has been several years now, more than a decade, since the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds and now more than ever, we are able to see statistical data and actual evidence that overall, using Bt-Corn is both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment. Economic advantages of Bt-Corn According to a study by Brookes, there have been substantial net economic benefits at the farms, totaling up to $5 billion in 2005 and $27 billion during the first decade (1996-2005) of the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. For the genetically engineered maize species, including Bt-Corn and other forms of genetically modified corn, boosted farm incomes by over $3. 1 billion since 1996. In the United States alone genetically modified maize crop income benefits accumulates to a little under $2. 3 billion, which is about 88% of the world GM maize crop income. (Brookes, 2006) The main reason for its economic advantage is its ability to produce higher yields of the same, or even better, quality of produce compared to ‘organic’ corn because two reasons. The first reason is that since pests are not lured to the crop, they unhindered and are able to flourish and produce more yields. The second reason is that the ability to self-pro duce insecticidal toxins allows farmers to cut down costs to maintain the crop since they do not have to purchase massive amounts of pesticide. This also means that less time will be spent on crop walking and the application of pesticides and herbicides, less usage of energy associated with less spraying, savings in costs of machinery and machinery usage (from less spraying and reduced harvest times) and also the unseen benefits in the health and safety of farm workers that is caused by handling pesticides. (Brookes, 2006) Environmental advantages of Bt-Corn The usage of Bt-Corn allows farmers to stop the usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals, may it be pesticides or herbicides. Overall between the years 1996 and 2005, GM crops have caused the net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 15. 3% while the total volume of active ingredient usage has also been reduced by 7%. Specifically in the GM maize sector there have been a net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 4. 6% through the reduction of pesticide usage and another net decrease in 4% in the environmental impact through the usage of more environmentally benign herbicides. Brookes, 2006) There has also been a decrease in greenhouse gasses emission; excess greenhouse gasses emission is a factor contributing to global warming. Brookes states in his article, that the two main reasons for the decrease in green house gasses emission is due to two factors. The first being reduced fuel usage from the less frequent need of using pesticides and herbicides applications (machinery used for spraying). From 1996 to 2005, it is estimated that there has been a reduction i n carbon dioxide emission of 4,613 million kg, calculated from the reduced fuel usage of 1,679 liters. In comparison, the permanent carbon dioxide savings from reduced fuel usage from 1996 to 2005 by planting GM crops is equivalent to the removal of 2. 05 million cars from the road for one year, assuming that a car does an average of 15,000 km per year, producing 2,250 kg of CO2 per year based on the fact that an average family car produces 150 grams of CO2 every km. (Brookes, 2006) FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms With the development in genetic engineering and biotechnology there is urgency and a need to both control and oversee products and methods used, especially relating with food products. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are the three main supervisors of genetically modified foods. The FDA, the official government agency in charge of regulating food, drug and cosmetic laws and ensuring safety of food (other than meat), food additives, medicines, medical devices, veterinary drugs, cosmetics and genetically modified food products, plays the major role in the actual ‘screening’ of products that are available for the public. The FDA categorizes genetically modified food products under the ‘GRAS’ list; the GRAS list comprise of products that are ‘generally recognized as safe’, which demands the manufacturers to be responsible for the safety of their own products, allowing them to place products into the market without pre-approval of the FDA because whole foods are GRAS. Whole foods are foods that are unprocessed or unrefined such as unprocessed meat, poultry and fish, fruits and vegetables, and non-homogenized milk (basically unprocessed milk; straight from the animal). The manufacturer bears responsibility for ensuring the product is not adulterated or misbranded. However if there is proof that the product is adulterated, or detrimental to human health (animal health for animal products), then the products may be taken back from the market and the manufacturer may be prosecuted. (Gertsberg, 2009) Controversies and issues raised The development and continuation of research in the whole issue regarding genetic engineering of any organisms itself raises much issues. However, most of the issues raised within the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are issues regarding perspective and ethics, since there is much fear and ambiguity that most people feel when they think and speak about this issue. Controversies with genetic engineering There are not enough, if there are any, substantial, academic, plain physical experimental proof that genetically modified organisms are hazardous to both the health of humans and the environment. The main issues raised regarding GMOs are that there is a risk there new allergens will arise from the ‘unknown’ effects of combining different DNA sequences with each other, increased toxicity levels in organisms do to a faster metabolism, the possibility of unwanted/unintended gene transfer between different species, loss of biodiversity and basically unknown possible effects on different organisms related. (Turner, 2007) There are also several other ethical issues raised, such as the monopoly of world food production by several ompanies, problems with intellectual property and non-mandatory labeling, which is the case in the United States. Non-mandatory labeling violates the rights of consumers to choose between ‘organic foods’ and genetically engineered foods. Monarch butterfly issue and Bt-Corn Several years ago, an issue was raised regarding how non-pest (non-targeted) species of organisms, the Monarch butterfly species in this case, were affected by t he delta endotoxins contained in the pollen of a certain species of Bt-Corn. The issue revolves around how Monarch butterflies population was in danger of being killed through the poisoning by the Bt toxins. Monarch butterflies would migrate and lay their eggs on areas near the Bt-Corn fields. Their larvae feed on milkweed plants, a species of plants that grow in same regions as the Bt-Corn. However, Bt-Corn pollen would scatter throughout the area and lay on these leaves. Several investigations revealed some mortality in Monarch butterfly caterpillars that consume these pollen-covered milkweed leaves. (Peairs, 2007) Following the recent controversy, a number of private parties assembled and conducted workshops and investigations regarding this issue sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States. Scientists and researchers were assembled from U. S. and Canadian universities, ARS members and several other environmental organizations, in a joint effort to prove whether the issue has a scientific basis. (Hellmich, 2008) Laboratory experiments done with pure Crystal toxins (Bt toxins) mixed with artificial diets revealed that a certain type of Cry toxin, Cry1Ab, was harmful to Monarch caterpillars but other types of the Cry toxins were not toxic to them. Field studies done along with lab experiments conclude that there were not any adverse effects observed on the Monarch caterpillars who fed on milkweed leaves dusted with natural levels of the commonly found Bt-Corn pollen species. All but the single Cry toxin proved to be safe. The results of this experiment caused for the termination of the production of Bt-Corn species 176, which expressed high amounts of Cry1Ab toxins. (Hellmich, 2008) Several other studies were conducted to compare between the mortality of Monarch caterpillars in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats, where there aren’t any Bt-Corn species in the area. Results from this experiment show no significant differences in mortality rates of the caterpillars. (Hellmich, 2008) Another study conducted compared the mortality rates of Monarch caterpillars exposed to Bt-Corn species and ‘organic’ corn species with the commonly used pesticide, cyhalothrin. Experimentations revealed how, â€Å"†¦nearly all monarch larvae on milkweed plants inside the field were killed. † Hence Bt-Corn is safer than traditional commercial insecticides and pesticides. (Hellmich, 2008) The final risk assessment brought forth by Hellmich regarding the Monarch population and Bt-Corn is that the risks are negligible since exposure of the Monarch caterpillars to Bt-Corn pollen is low. Furthermore, the current commercially available Bt-Corn species and hybrids revealed low toxicity. Hellmich concludes that, â€Å"The bottom line from these studies is that all commercial Bt corn hybrids have negligible effects on populations of monarch butterflies, especially when compared with traditional insecticides. † (Hellmich, 2008) Evaluation In conclusion, through research and investigations conducted by researchers across the world, we can see how the commercialization of Bt-Corn for past 14 years have significantly benefitted both society and the environment through the ability of farmers to cut down costs, usage of energy, fuel and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, increase in yields and decrease in the use of harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides. We also see that most of the issues raised surrounding the issue of Bt-Corn and genetically engineered organisms are mostly just a matter of perspective and preferences. Lack of education and an open perspective regarding genetically modified organisms is the main hindrance towards improvements in the current agricultural field.

American Indian Studies :: Free Essay Writer

American Indian Studies AIS Why do Indian college students have high dropout rates? Why do Indian college students have hard times in college, and university atmospheres? Why do Indian college students have difficult times when it comes to making good grades? Maybe it’s because they have no role models in the home. Maybe they can’t relate to individuals with different cultures and backgrounds? Perhaps it is something simple as having poor study habits. The answers could Possibly be that Indian college students are just uncomfortable in a college environment, and don’t have an Indian studies program to go to, as in Reyhner’s essay. Whatever the reason may be Indian college students are scarce within the college scene, just as Indian people are in the United States of America. Native American Studies departments, according to Jon Reyhner, â€Å"are critical to providing a positive university environment for Native students†¦(NAS) help keep Indian students in school by providing them with a university home†(Reyhner 106). I don’t believe that American Indian Studies programs will keep Indian students in college. I believe, the desire of wanting to achieve and excel in academics for what it has to offer, will keep Indian college students in college. I believe that Jon Reyhner gives excellent points in defining the reasons for Indian students dropping out of college, but I have to disagree about his ideals on keeping them in. It seems Reyhner feels that Indian Studies Programs will give Indian students a place to show their truest identity, in turn giving them enough comfort to strive through and finish a college degree. Native college and university students, just as any other student in higher education, have distinct backgrounds and dif ferent ways of thinking. Although many Indian people come from similar histories of assimilation, cultural disappearance, slaughter, and sacrifice, the adaptability of an Indian person within college depends upon their perspective, attitude, and envolvment, in such environments. I wish American Indian Studies departments in colleges and universities could keep Indian Students from quitting, but the reality of the matter is that Indian people have little to relate to in the college world. Colleges and Universities, in a way, are businesses selling financial stable futures. There are many futures to buy, some a little more expensive than others, but in all, with a college degree, individuals have the chance and opportunity to achieve certain success.

Traffic Troubles

TRAFFIC CONGESTION: Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up.Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. CAUSES: Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; m ost of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U. S.  traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events. [2]Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a â€Å"traffic jam† (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (acascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some time longer.Mathematical theories: Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events (â€Å"butterfly effects†), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing ofsupercooled fluid. [4] However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic.Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory (see also spatiotemporal reconstruction of traffic congestion). Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix entropy effects, by â€Å"platooning† groups of vehicles and by randomising the flow patterns within individual segments of the network.These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly. A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of â€Å"phantom jams,† in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam.Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call â€Å"jamitons,† are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s. [5] Traffic Troubles TRAFFIC CONGESTION:Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage.CAUSES:Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; mos t of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events.[2]Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a â€Å"traffic jam† (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (acascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some time longer. Mathematical theories:Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simula tions and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events (â€Å"butterfly effects†), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing  ofsupercooled fluid.However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic. Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory (see also spatiotemporal reconstruction of traffic congestion). Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix entropy effects, by â€Å"platooning† groups of vehicle s and by randomising the flow patterns within individual segments of the network.These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly. A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of â€Å"phantom jams,† in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam. Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call â€Å"jamitons,† are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s.

Biographical Essay Work History Essay

My work history starts as a mother of two delightful teenagers. I have enjoyed spending time with my kids since they were babies and watching them grow into hard working, wonderful people. In recent years I helped create an exercise movement class for preschool aged children. In this job experience I created weekly lesson plans that included activities that stimulated their gross motor skills. Activities such as hopping on one foot, running, and jumping. We used games to increase the childrens hand and eye coordination. The bean bag toss was one of the popular games with the kids. I kept the parents informed of their child’s class experiences. Working for four years as a gymnastics instructor gave me the opportunity to teach young children ages two through nine. I was responsible for teaching gymnastics skills that would build into more complicated gymnastics skills. In the kids daily sessions of gymnastics I included activities that would increase their coordination and flexibility. I was expected to conduct an orderly class consisting of fun, skills, motivation, and discipline. I met with the parents on a monthly basis to show what the children had been learning in class. I strived to get to know the parents and keep them involved and informed of their child’s progress in gymnastics class. For more than fifteen years I have instructed fitness classes. Teaching these classes has strengthened my ability to work in a service-oriented job allowing me to establish a good relationship with the participants in my classes. It has been my responsibility to produce a safe class that is enjoyable, and productive. My classes have varied in participants including a senior’s aerobics class and a kid’s movement class. Teaching gymnastics to preschool aged kids was the most rewarding experience I had. The excitement of watching the children learn and master a skill was very thrilling, especially when they accomplished a difficult skill. The connection that I was able to make with each child was very satisfying. One of my top priorities was building the kids self-confidence and making each child know that they were very important. Services and / or Extracurricular Activities I spent five years as a  co-leader for a Girl Scout troop. While serving in this job I helped plan the girls meetings and outings. Earning badges was accomplished by finishing a lesson and doing an activity that went along with the lesson. We spent time at summer camps teaching the girls’ new songs, games, and how to cook out doors. I have taught Sunday school classes that consisted of two and three year old children. My job of service was to teach the lesson plan for the day; we enjoyed singing and playing games, coloring pictures, and using glue. Reasons for Choosing Education as a Career My dream of being a schoolteacher extends back into my early childhood. The jobs that I have had in the past have helped me in making a decision to become a schoolteacher and devote the rest of my life to teaching in a classroom. Teaching allows me to be involved in children’s lives and I can contribute to our society and help develop our future generations. Other careers that I have considered were Physical Therapy, or a Personal Trainer. I was attracted to these two jobs because of my background in the exercise field. But the desire to teach and be involved on a daily basis with children far surpasses the desires that other careers offer. Choosing teaching as a career I can have a huge impact in a child’s future. I will face many challenges along my path of teaching. But I also anticipate rewards of self-fulfillment. Teaching the hard to reach kids is a challenge I will face, and if I can help one of those children along the journey of life I will have made a difference. I look forward to the new faces at the beginning of the year and very familiar ones at the end of the year. Teaching opens up an opportunity to give to our children the ability to love to learn. Professional Goals In the future I will continue my education until I graduate with an Associate degree from the College of Southern Idaho. My following years I will continue my formal education to get my Bachelor degree. I intend to follow my dream of becoming a schoolteacher in the  elementary level of education. I will strive to make every child know that he/she is a very important person to me. I will give them the opportunity to succeed in a safe, kind, and learning environment.

Gandhi IVF Summary Essays - Ascetics, Gujarati People, Free Essays

Gandhi IVF Summary Essays - Ascetics, Gujarati People, Free Essays Daniel Kang Ms. Menard Honors English 8 26 March 2014 Gandhi IVF Summary Gandhis Non Cooperation inspired many Indians on August 12, 1920. If the British Ministers and the British nation do not fulfill the pledges given to them and do not wish to regard with respect the sentiments of the 70 millions of the inhabitants of India who profess the faith of Islam, it will be impossible for them to retain Islamic loyalty (Gandhi 327). Gandhi reiterates this statement by not cooperating with the British government and giving the British a hard time. I have been told that non-cooperation is unconstitutional. I venture to deny that it is unconstitutional. On the contrary, I hold that non-cooperation is a just and religious doctrine; it is the inherent right of every human being and it is perfectly constitutional (Gandhi 329). Gandhi rightfully exercises this right in rebelling against the British government. I tell you that whilst my friend believes also in the doctrine of violence and has adopted the doctrine of non-violence as a weapon of the weak, I believe in t he doctrine of non-violence as a weapon of the strongest (Gandhi 330). Gandhi recommends non-violence as a great weapon that mighty Indians would use against the government. I am not anti-English; I am not anti-British; I am not anti any Government; but I am anti-untruth, anti-humbug, and anti-injustice. So long as the Government spells injustice, it may regard me as its enemy, implacable enemy (Gandhi 332). Gandhi acknowledges that he does not hate the government. He firmly says that he is not willing to cooperate with untruthful and injustice people.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Ethics - Essay Example This paper evaluates the two approaches to defining â€Å"ethically bad life†: deontology and teleology. The paper examines each of the two approaches in detail and identifies which of the two can best be used to identify an â€Å"ethically bad life†. The tests the thesis that teleology and the end in question is always the most important thing but it must be done on the backdrop of absolute rules. Deontology The principle of deontology asserts that what is bad and what is good is definite and made up of universal laws which define what is right and what is wrong. The foremost philosopher who propounded the theory of deontology in modern ethics is Immanuel Kant. Kant argued that deontology is â€Å"a moral theory centered around the idea of unconditional duty-based commitment† (Cherkasova, 2012: 2). In other words, what is bad and what is good are absolute. This means that they are definite and they are stated clearly. Thus, an individual taking a decision must r eason and identify what is good and do it. Failure to do what is defined universally as good means an individual has done what is bad. The word deontology is derived from the Greek word â€Å"deon† which means â€Å"duty† (Morrison, 2009). ... Hence, an individual acting in a way and manner that affects a given set of rules has the obligation to identify what is required of him and do it according to the standard of the moral rules and codes. â€Å"Duty is the basic element of all moral actions†, the deontological school of thought assets (Johnstone, 2009: 3). The classical deontology school of thought bases its standard of deriving laws from divine authorities and other spiritual laws (Johnstone, 2009). Thus, what is bad is based on what authoritative religious sources state. Over the years, the deontological school of through grew to embrace nationalistic ethics and systems and today, national laws, moral ethics and international standards form the basis of the definition of â€Å"moral duties† in deontology. Corrigan and Farrell therefore identifies three main features of deontology as a tool for defining what as an ethically bad life (2012). They are: 1. Objectivity: This means that morality is based on u niversal and clear-cut rules and principles and an individual must choose the moral rule that applies in the situation. In this case, the sentiments and/or personal feelings of the individual do not matter. 2. Standardization: Morality sets a standard of what is right and what is wrong. And it applies equally to all people irrespective of their circumstances or situations and hence, what is bad is based on the ability to meet the standard required. Failure to reach the standard makes an act bad. 3. Reasoning: An individual must evaluate all his actions and reason to find what is good and what is bad and do what is good. This is done through critical evaluation of the action and activity (Carr, 2009). Teleology Teleology is an opposite to deontology

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Essay

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Essay Example Harper Harper was born on September 24, 1825, in Baltimore, Maryland, and died on February 22, 1911, in Philadelphia, Pa. She was 86 years old when she died. During her lifetime she was recognized by historians as being one of the most important women of her time, not only as an African American author but also as an orator and as a social reformer.(1) interpreting the work, you will address either the question of meaning or significance. In other words, the key question (choose one) that you want to answer is: what does the work mean Answer: Problem with Themes which confuses what the novel is all about: First Paragraph introduces the work Significance of book, as well as contradictions to thesis: The book is important to American Literature because of its accurate descriptions concerning the cruelties suffered by slaves prior to and during the Civil War. (2) And while this also appears to be the main theme of the book, there are others which fight for this place. Three of these are: the life of the author as a social reformer in the late 1800's; the romantic life of Iola Leroy, who was also a social reformer, and the history of Christianity in the African American culture. One of the reasons this it is so difficult to understand the principal theme is that Harper uses two voices to tell the different stories in the novel. She uses the dialect of slaves in the first person voice to tell about the horrors they survived prior to and during the Civil War. This voice clearly tells the story of slavery in that era. The other voice is that of the third person. It is the voice of the author and speaks of her life as much or more than it does the life of Iola, the protagonist. The fact that Iola does not appear until the sixth chapter of the novel makes it more difficult to determine her place in the theme of the novel. Another confusing factor is the style of the book as a historic romance novel. Like most of these books, this novel spins a tale of fantasy romance with a happily ever after ending. In addition to these themes, the second part of the book's title implies the theme of shadows lurking over the characters in the book. One wonders if the book is about the shadows that haunt Harper as a Black American Woman or the lives of the characters in the book. Yet, this theme is not fully developed and, therefore, could not be called a central theme. This is just as true for the theme of the history of Christianity. Although the stories regarding this are entertaining they sometimes take away from the seriousness of the stories about slavery and they affects society. The back and forth movement of these stories add to the reader's confusion in searching for the meaning of the book. And there appears to be even more themes in the book, including that of the story of a Black American feminist. It is questionable as to whether or not the character of Iola is patterned after Harper's own life. Both women face discrimination, not only because of the "color" of their skin, but also because of their gender. This is a theme that could further be developed to make the novel more interesting in this respect. For example, Harper could expand on the occurrences of discrimination than Iola faces-describing more vividly how these takes place as

Environment Management at Yamama Cement Company Assignment

Environment Management at Yamama Cement Company - Assignment Example Such techniques include proper handling of environmental issues, effective marketing strategies and up to date human resource and employee relationship techniques. However, this paper will mainly discuss various characteristics of Environment Management programmes at Yamama Cement Company. The issues of environmental impact that must be considered in an Environmental Impact Assessment for Yamama Cement are six-fold: climate protection, fuels and raw materials, health and safety, emissions reduction, local impacts and concrete recycling. (Yamama Cement Website, 2010) This issue matrix is adopted from the World Business Council for Sustainable Developments (WBCS), â€Å"Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)†. (â€Å"Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)†) 3. Health and safety: In this field, the World Business Council for Sustainable Developments (WBCS), â€Å"Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)† motto is Aiming for Zero. The objective is no employee injuries or fatalities. 5. Local impacts: This aspect of environmental stewardship involves reduction of airborne particulate matter discharge and noise, â€Å"disturbance to landscape, local watershed and local biodiversity caused by limestone quarrying† and involvement of all relevant local stakeholders. Presence of world’s hottest deserts makes the Middle East one amongst hottest countries of the world with extremely hot and dry weather. Hence, all kinds of traders and manufacturers keep in mind its exceptionally harsh climatic conditions and use construction materials which can provide an effective resistance to heat and dryness. (Sinton, 2005, 450) For example, builders need to use waterproof foundation for buildings in order to avoid water infiltration due to a corrosive characteristic of salt present in the underground water within the Middle East.

Dramatic function in the play Essay Example for Free

Dramatic function in the play Essay In the play, A View From The Bridge, we are faced with emotions that we have probably all felt or will feel during our lifetime. However, when these emotions are taken to extremes, it could lead to unimaginable consequences. Covered here are some of the more complex and intriguing relationships that shape the whole play, from beginning to end, from the innocent love of a young woman to the dark sinister workings of a mind driven beyond logic and reason. One of the most interesting and complicated relationships in the play is that of Eddie and Catherine. Catherine is Eddies niece through marriage and has been cared and provided for by him ever since her mother died whilst she was still a baby; with a sense of her childhood, her babyhood, and the years and during that time, they have grown very close, Eddie treats her like his own daughter. He likes it when she greets him when he gets home, when she treats him like a father; Eddie is pleased and therefore shy about it However, as revealed later the play, Catherine thinks of Eddie as more than an uncle or a father, she thinks of him almost as her husband; If I was a wife I would now Im supposed to turn around a make a stranger out of him? She was originally talking about Beatrice but towards the end of the sentence, she was talking about herself, putting herself in Beatrices place as though she was the wife that was making s stranger out of the husband. Catherine matches Eddies love for her perfectly, seeking his approval in everything she does, she is eager to please him and is happy when he is happy; You like it? she asks about her skirt, you like it? she asks about her hair. In fact, when Eddie says beautiful she says You like it, huh?; this is a rhetorical question, shes seeking more than approval, shes seeking confirmation, because Eddies opinions matter to her and it pleases her tremendously to see that he likes what shes doing. However, when Eddie says that shes walking wavy and aint all the girls Catherine is very upset; almost in tears because he disapproves. There is a point where Catherine cares too much about Eddies views, from the play, we can tell that she has put off a few of her lifetime ambitions to keep him happy; as Beatrice says: I dont understand when this ends. First it was gonna be when she graduated high school, so she graduated high school. Then it was when she learned stenographer, so she learn stenographer. So what are we gonna wait for now? Eddie has obviously been thinking up all kinds of reasons to keep her at home. He says that he just doesnt want her working with the wrong people and that she should get a good education and go and meet a nice, well-educated (preferably rich) young man and settle down and get out of the working class world.  Most of this we can believe, not only does Eddie love Catherine, he is also very protective of her; I know that neighbourhood, B., I dont like it.  Maybe Catherine doesnt realize it but all her fondness is what makes him so overprotective of her, she acts like a little child around him; Catherine: He thinks Im a baby. Beatrice: Thats because you think youre a baby. I told you fifty times already and Eddie is so used to that he just cant accept the fact that she is growing up. He likes to come home to her childish antics, he likes to have her waiting on him hand and feet. There may be a slight ego problem when he realizes that Catherines pay is going to be so high, even higher than his if the estimate he gave Marco is a direct correspondence of his salary; But I think you could probablythirty, forty a week, over the whole twelve months of the year.  Eddie is obviously not ready to give up the job as the man of the house, metaphorically speaking, hes used to having everyone look up to him. He doesnt take Beatrice seriously and Catherine has always been so childlike and adoring, she sits on her heels beside him. Suddenly, Eddie feels that someone is threatening his position and that concept scares him, its the same fear as when Rodolpho steps into Catherines life, hes becoming the object of Catherines affections, not Eddie. Quite a lot has been mentioned on the boyfriend front; Eddie is unwilling for Catherine to show interest in the male populous; Eddie: Listen, I could tell you things about Louis which you wouldnt wave to him no more. Catherine: Eddie, I wish there was one guy you couldnt tell me things about. Not only does this show that he discourages any interest Catherine develops, he also does it very often, sometimes when Catherine isnt even interested in them, just to be on the safe side. Could there be more to this relationship than just parental concern, care and love? Could it be that Eddie is harbouring some secret desire for Catherine that he is too ashamed to act upon but is enough to make him feel better when she only has him and no one else? A father would be glad if his daughter found love, but a boyfriend would be jealous, and Eddie was certainly not glad when Rodolpho wins over Catherines heart. In the beginning of Act Two, Eddie was drunk and when he came home, he kissed Catherine on the lips. As the Romans said, in vino veritas, which means there is truth in wine, what is normally hidden is exposed as the person loses sense of inhibition and sometimes even logical thought; in this case, Eddies desire for Catherine. Of course, Catherine has already been pretty upset with him already and this was just putting salt to the wound. She didnt admit straight away to Rodolpho that Eddies views were once again affecting her judgement, she asks him the questions that Eddie has been harbouring ever since he arrived and especially after talks about marriage and says that they are her own questions, she even suggests that they go live in Italy because she imagined it would be beautiful but really its just covering up her fear of Eddie, even though she did admit to it; Im afraid of Eddie here. Rodolpho saw right through her, he could see that she was frightened and wanted to get away from Eddie. Rodolpho: My heart dies to look at you. Why are you so afraid of him?  At this point, Catherine still feels that Eddies change of mood was partially her fault; I would just feel ashamed if I made him sad. Ever since the beginning of the play, Catherine always seemed to be in constant uncertainty and fear of Eddie, but never of his actions, more of his opinions because it mattered so much to her but since after the kiss, she has developed a physical fear of him, of what he could and would do to her and the people she loved and that includes Eddie himself. Wait outside, dont argue with him Catherine says, wanting to keep Rodolpho safe from Eddie.

Beijing Capital International Airport Development Project Construction Essay

Beijing Capital International Airport Development Project Construction Essay 1. This guideline has been prepared as an evaluation and condensation of a full environment impact assessment (EIA) of the proposed Project Beijing Low Cost International Airport (PLCA), which will be prepared for the Government by the consulting group of the Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, following China Government guidelines by The Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Peoples Republic of China, formally known as Chinas State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and the methodologies described in Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Review Procedures of the Asian Development Bank (1993) and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects (1990). The objective of the EIA is to ensure that environment aspects are addressed and potential problems are foreseen at the appropriate stage of project design. Hence, at the preliminary level, a coordinator is selected for the EIA to collect detail background in formation. The EIA report would be based on (i) the Project feasibility study prepared by Airways Engineering Consultants under Bank technical assistant (TA), (ii) discussions with principal authors of the above documents, (iii) field visits to the Project site and local government capital, and, (iv) discussions with local government and pertinent National Government officials with environmental responsibilities. 2. The methods used to carry out the EIA for impact identification included: (i) review of available literature, (ii) meetings with National and local government officials, (iii) site visits to the PLCA and surrounding areas, (iv) discussions with inhabitants near the site via door to door survey, (v) ambient noise and air quality and surface water quality sampling and testing in the field and in the laboratory, and (vi) application of professional knowledge and experience. 3. Besides, the EIA would require a baseline study on data and impact evaluation, assessment, documentation, decision making and post audits that incorporates the results and conclusions in the report of the EIA. II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 4. The rapid economic growth in China has led to the increase numbers of demand for air transport service consumer, in both passengers and cargo. Being located at the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, the flourish of tourism sector, business and cargo service had caused the current capacity of Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK) registered 65.3 million passengers and achieved 1,420,997 tonnes of cargo traffic in year 2009, which ranked the 3rd and 14th busiest in international respectively. It has reached an efficiency score since year 2006 till now (Andrew Yuen Zhang, 2009). However, the PEK which has three terminals can only handle 78 million passengers per year. At the same time, since the projection for passenger capacity in 2012 would reach more than 90 million, it would be over congested in just round the corner. The current alternative or nearest international airport available is Tianjin BinHai International Airport, however it is located too far, 160km from Beijing. While the nearby Beijing Nanyuan Airport (NAY) located north to Daxing is owned by military and serves as a middle cost domestic airport that capable of handling only 1.2 million passengers per year, hence it is viable to look for a new destination to build an international airport that in future might accommodate the airlines currently using NAY. Strategic locality might be one of the factors that passengers are generally still prefer to land at PEK due to time and cost convenient. Besides, the design of PEK cannot accommodate airbus A380. Hence, it is urgent to look for a new suitable location to build a new airport that is schedule for completion in year 2015 to cater the future demand. 5. Previously, there was suggestion that the major difference between the current and new Beijing airport to segregate into either serving the local or international market so that there would be no overlap. However, it had received many objections due to its unfairness nature. It is proposed here that due to the rising of the low cost proposition in international market, the proposed Project is to design and construct a Beijing Low Cost International Airport. This can divert the passengers from the PEK that PLCA can be an aviation hub based low cost service that encourage more tourists and tap in the budgeted travel market. This is not the latest concept for low cost terminal building in China as the first has operated in Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport, which was limited only for domestic flights from May 2008 to October 2009. A survey conducted by Civil Aviation Net of China showed that 92% of respondents opt for low cost flights, if is needed to pay the air ticket by the ir own. Following the global market trend, due to increasingly cost-conscious travelers, a huge new low cost airport that can cater 70-80 million passengers is proposed to be reasonable. The Beijing concept would be a successful one since it is not like the Zhengzhou model which failed due to restricted for domestic. In order to meet the forecasted traffic, the size for new airport would be 3,800 hectares (ha) of land. 6. The suggested locations for the new airport include Lixian Town in Daxing District (39Â ° 33 8 North, 116Â ° 26 42 East), a downtown rural area covers an area of 1,012 square kilometers with a population of 671,444, as in year 2000 statistics. It is about 40 kilometers (km) south of the Beijing and can be connected to Beijing via Jingkai Express Highway. Another suggested location for the PLCA is at Guan District which is 60 km away from the current airport. 7. The first phase of development of the PLCA, the Project, will meet air traffic forecast demand for the year 2016, would involve the size of 1, 800 ha. This involves large turboprop aircraft with sufficient range to cover both the local and international demand. Development covers the soil improvement and earthworks necessary of construct a landing strip 2,300 meters (m) in length, with an initial runway length of 3,500 m. The project will also complete with enough passenger and cargo terminals, car park and access roads; control tower; crash; fire, and rescue building; ancillary buildings; housing for airport staff; wastewater treatment plant and a potable water system; electric power; fuel farm; perimeter fencing; and supporting airfield lighting and navigation aids. All of the security verification system, luggage system and other essential facilities are well equipped. The new runway would be fitted for Boeing 737, Airbus A320 and Airbus A380. There would be various choices of restaurants, stores and duty free shops. It is not a luxurious one, but with just a simple interior decoration. All these would reduce in the airport landing fee and airport construction fee (ACF). As the proposed airport would be a low cost and incorporate the trendy green airport concept, boarding ramps is not provided. The following phase would claim another 1,700 ha land, and total runway 7000 km. A 100 ha of unoccupied land is reserved as part of the Project to provide added protection in the approach areas from future possible encroachment by non-airport development. Every passenger is allowed to carry 15 kg luggage, five kg less than under normal regulations. III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT A. Physical Resources and Natural Environment 8. The PLCA is proposed to be located at an area of plain land, which is typical of the Lixian Town at Daxing District (Wu, et. al, 2010). The soil is heavy metal and hence not suitable for vegetable growing, but can be used for construction (Hu, et. al, 2006). Currently, the residence in the area depends on agriculture or food service that support Beijings demand. Due to the changing characteristics of the soil, a transition of economic activity is predicted. A detail studies should be carried out at the Project site for determining the suitability of the land and the possibility of earthquake and other natural disaster. 9. The climate of the area follows the four seasons, as similar to Beijing. The average temperature ranges from a high of 17.9 to a low of 7.2 Celsius. The wind velocity needs to be obtained from the China Meteorological Administration. 10. The baseline monitoring should be carried out. Both on the site itself and the nearby highway Jingkai Expressway. The air quality, level of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide have to be determined and compared with the national benchmarks. 11. The Longhe River and Xintiantang river are required to be carried out environment assessment as both of the rivers support the agriculture activities at the area. 12. Baseline monitoring of the surface water quality ought to be conducted at the two rivers. Sampling and testing are needed to understand the pollution level by human waste in surrounding areas. 13. Since the site of the airport is nearby to residents are and some of them are still relying the usage well, so the groundwater have be tested on the requirement of water treatment. 14. Since there are twelve forests and Yongding River as the mother river supporting many subrivals in nearby town within Daxing district, so the level of possibility of endanger to the flora and fauna need to be assessed. It is understood that the fishing activities have decreased due to the less raining in past few years. C. Human and Economic Development 15. The PLCA is in an area of low population density. 16. Most of the residents of the area are farmers and small businessman who sell vegetable that supports the demands from Beijing city. However, the income level is quite low compared to the city. 17. The predominant land use around the PLCA is agriculture. D. Quality of Life Values 18. Near to the site in other town but not at Lixian Town itself, only forests and some Mosques which are served as heritage conservative sites. There is healthcare service, power line, electricity, telephone, water treatment service for the area. IV. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 19. This section assesses the potential impact of the proposed development of the PLCA on the surrounding environment and presents mitigation measures. It would cover the potential effects associated with location, design, construction and operation. A. Environmental Impacts Due to Location 1. Disruption of Surface and Groundwater 20. The environment impacts of the location need to be carried out. 2. Relocation 21. Resettlement is required for some affected villages or called as cun but the impact is needed a further studies. 3. Land Values 22. There would be an increase in land values for residential areas, nearby to the highway, airport. The local government hence has to do a proper planning to avoid bubble economics for the housing sectors. 23. The impact of the ecology from airport need to be taken into consideration. B. Environmental Impacts Due to Project Design 1. Nearby River Erosion, Flooding 24. The construction of the airport could create a large impervious surface in an area that is now covered by grassland and some brush and trees. If the drainage is poor designed, it would affect the nearby rivers. 2. Disposal of Human Waste 25. There is potential pollution of surface water and groundwater due to the possible introduction of turbidity and coliform bacteria from human waste will be mitigated by the design of a wastewater treatment plant. 3. Petroleum Water Disposal 26. Some spilling of fuel is likely to occur during the aircraft refueling on the aircraft parking aprons, and it is necessary to trap and filter out these wastes before they enter the main drainage system of the aprons, which will empty into the nearby small river. To reduce such impact, the drainage system of the aprons will be designed so that water runoff during rains will be channeled into subsurface drains that will contain a trap system, accessible through access holes, to filter out and collect wastewater treatment plant after being treated to break down the hydrocarbons. C. Environment Impacts During PLCA Construction 27. With the good design and construction standards and procedures are adopted according to Green Airport, it is expected to have minimum impacts. A contractual guarantee which include the environment impact associated with construction is a most appropriate way to ensuring such implementation to be adhered. 1. Sediment Runoff 28. The construction program might have impact towards the nearby river and altering its natural flow. This would affect the number of fish population in the river. Hence, implementation of erosion and sedimentation control is required to minimized the impact. The area should also replant threes alongside to ensure the green environment to be accomplished. 2. Dust and Noise/Vibration Pollution 29. The dust pollution would be under control due to latest technology. The noise and vibration pollution is minimized via strict rules and regulations so that it wont affect the living hood of population nearby. No construction work is allowed before 7am and after 7pm on weekdays, weekends and public holiday. Penalty of RMB5000 would be imposed once there is an enforcement operation or any complaints regarding the constructor violate the rules and regulations. 3. Worker Safety and Health 30. Worker safety and health will be ensured via protection through contractual undertakings to implement safe site practices. 4. Slum Creation 31. Since there is job creation and recruitment of workforce from the residence nearby and no sourcing of workers from other areas are needed, hence there is little needs for building temporary on-site house and this reduce the risk of slum creation. 5. Traffic Congestion, Blocking, or Disruption of Utilities 32. The current level of traffic on the main highway near the site is not congested. There are new highways opening soon. Hence, there is little traffic problem arises. D. Impacts During PLCA Operation 33. The impacts during operation phase should be analyzed and forecasted. 1. Noise/Vibration Disturbance 34. The accepted level of noise/vibration disturbance is about 65 decibels or 65 Ldn (day-night noise level) to the nearest residential area, since there would be some distance from the airport, hence the impact can be minimized. The distance between the airport and nearest housing area, hence, is needed to be estimated. Besides, controlling of noise/vibration disturbance can be done via the arrangement of the air traffic control by having schedule in the daytime and less air traffic in the night time. However, a completed noise analysis has to be carried out based on the forecasted future flight traffic volume. Noise monitoring terminals would be build to ensure the minimal impact of noise pollution. 2. Water Pollution/Escape of Sanitary Wastes 35. The construction of wastewater treatment plant and sewage distribution lines must be part of the Project. The water, especially at the terminal area needs to be treated with the latest green technology. Potable water for airport operations need to be provided from a drilled well, or wells with treatment to meet World Health Organization standards. 3. Air Pollution 36. The EIA should ensure minimum impact of air pollution even the operation of PLCA starts. 4. Congestion at Airport Access and Exit 37. The congestion level is ought to be estimated, regardless of current low level of usage and new highways are opening soon. 5. Hazards to Traffic from Operation Aircraft 38. The residential areas or buildings nearby are low and little risk arises for the height over aircraft passing. How, the accurate level is needed to be assessed to reduce any potential risk. 6. Human and Economic Development 39. The impact on possible changes from rural-to-urban would lead to migration towards areas nearby PLCA is needed to be assessed. Although it would bring job creation and have minor socio-economic changes from agriculture or small business towards service based, a details assessment would be required to ensure the culture is balanced and not change drastically. 40. The local government would play a very major role in permitting licenses for buildings and business. The potential positive impact would most probably be the increasing public facilities which is currently lacking. 7. Quality of Life Values 41. The current lacking of public facilities and facilities would be improved via the proposed project. The income level would be increased while the potential changes would be the population migration from other area in searching for employment opportunity. 8. Environmental Overview 42. The project will not involve scare or irreplaceable resource in line with the green airport concept. Raw materials such as sand and gravel should be employed for its construction and future expansion. No loss of biodiversity should be achieved. V. ALTERNATIVES 43. The other alternative which is considered feasible is Guan as one of the nominated site. It is a downtown further down than Lixian Town. VI. COST BENEFIT ANALYSES A. Internal Rate of Return 44. The economic internal rate of return for the Project should be estimated. B. Economic Benefits 45. The potential main economic benefit would be income generated from visitors expenditures, time saving for passengers, and the value of foregone passenger and cargo traffic. Cost saving due to low landing cost and additional employment and increased in property value are not included in this analysis. C. Project Costs 46. Project costs include (i) civil works, (ii) other construction, (iii) equipment and its installation, (iv) consulting engineering design and supervision, and (v) cost for abatement for pollution. D. Monitoring and Reporting Cost 47. Monitoring will be required to carried out during construction and operation of the Project. It would be a contractual base. E. Nonqualified Environment Impacts 48. Any negative impacts in environment would be internalized into the cost of Project. Hence, cost-benefit and cost effectiveness of such pollution is not based on separated budget. VII. INSTITUSIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM A. Institutional Capacity 49. Since there are many experiences on airport building by China Aviation Society, hence with the assistant from consultant on EIA, which adhere to rules and regulations as mentioned earlier, no special training is required. However, the government needs to support on the low cost airline in order to be successful implemented. B. Monitoring Program 50. The impacts of the proposed PLCA Project is needed to carried out whether it is significant in order to decide on the relevant type of monitoring program. 51. Sedimentation and control of erosion and water runoff, water quality, worker safety and health, and traffic interference would be the utmost monitoring items during construction period. All other monitoring programs are yet to be indentified after a thorough study. 52. Monitoring program for operation phase are also required for the preparation of control over kinds of potential serious pollution. C. Documentations 53. Clear documentations are required. Appropriate recommendation should be included in the working document with the alternative environmental and economic impacts adhered. VIII. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 54. Public involvement is important in this 21st century that the demand and supply is matched without major objection from the public. Local residents can be consulted via public hearing on the Project plan or random door-to-door survey can be carried out with sets of questionnaire on their view of potential impacts in term of the environment, social and economic towards the communities. 55. The public involvement between public and developer is needed for the negotiation on the required acquisition and compensation. IX. DECISION-MAKING 56. The EIA would be important to facilitate the decision making process for the decision makers, however it does not serve as an absolute path. If it is rejected, further studies is required on alternatives. IXI. POST AUDITS 47. Post audits are required to determine how closely to reality the EIA predictions. It is important to avoid any form of bureaucratic constrains. General statements in the body of legislation would be good as supplementary guidelines would be required from time to time.